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Alphabet: Latin + 6 special letters
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Turkish — Latin (1928, Atatürk reform), 29 letters. Special: Ç [ch], Ş [sh], Ğ (soft, lengthens the vowel), İ (dotted i — don’t confuse!), I (undotted — [ɯ]), Ö, Ü. Everything is read as written — nearly phonetic. MISSING: Q, W, X. Capitals: I → İ (dotted!), i → I (undotted). Stress on the last syllable, names often first.
- ●Ç [ch] — çok (very), Ş [sh] — şeker (sugar)
- ●İ/i and I/ı — different pairs! Iı = undotted
- ●Ğ is silent: dağ [da:], öğle [ö:le]
🔤 1928: Atatürk switched the country from Arabic to Latin in 3 months — literacy rose from 10% to 90% in a generation. I/İ chosen to avoid confusing with western i.