Separation of powers: how the split protects freedom

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Montesquieu thought it, Germany perfected it: LEGISLATIVE (Bundestag + Bundesrat write laws), EXECUTIVE (Bundesregierung + ministries execute), JUDICIAL (judges interpret and protect). Checks: courts strike laws against GG. Bundestag removes the chancellor via no-confidence vote (2024 — Scholz). Free press = “fourth power”, unofficial but real.

●Judges are independent: cannot be fired for inconvenient rulings
●Bundesrat blocks: no federal laws without the states
●Press is free: critical reporting protected by Art. 5

⚖️ In 2024 Chancellor Scholz lost the confidence vote — and instead of crisis there were scheduled new elections. The system worked as designed.

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