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الدرس 4 · صف 13+
Plumbing: pipes, joints, heating
📖 الدرس
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🎯 اختبار — اختر الترجمة
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✅ أُنجز الدرس
Plumbing is water, drainage, heating. Pipes: copper (classic, soldered), composite (bends easily, press-fittings), plastic (PVC for sewage). Joints: soldering (copper), pressing (fast and reliable), thread + hemp/Teflon. Heating: radiator, thermostat, expansion vessel. Gurgling pipes mean air — bleed them.
- ●Press-fitting beats soldering: faster, no flame, 50 years tight
- ●Drinking water: only DVGW-certified materials — lead is banned
- ●Thermostat ~21 °C: each degree less saves ~6% heating
🚿 German plumbing is Europe’s most expensive — but also most reliable: ~50 years without repair. "Made in Germany" starts in the basement.