Plumbing: pipes, joints, heating

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Plumbing is water, drainage, heating. Pipes: copper (classic, soldered), composite (bends easily, press-fittings), plastic (PVC for sewage). Joints: soldering (copper), pressing (fast and reliable), thread + hemp/Teflon. Heating: radiator, thermostat, expansion vessel. Gurgling pipes mean air — bleed them.

●Press-fitting beats soldering: faster, no flame, 50 years tight
●Drinking water: only DVGW-certified materials — lead is banned
●Thermostat ~21 °C: each degree less saves ~6% heating

🚿 German plumbing is Europe’s most expensive — but also most reliable: ~50 years without repair. "Made in Germany" starts in the basement.

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