ECTS, modules and exams

The degree is built from modules: lectures (Vorlesung), seminars, labs. Each module grants ECTS credits: 1 credit ≈ 30 hours of work, a semester = 30 credits, a bachelor = 180–210. Exam types: Klausur (written), Hausarbeit (paper), Referat (presentation) and mündliche Prüfung (oral). Grades: 1.0 (excellent) to 5.0 (fail), pass at 4.0.

• ●Vorlesung — 100–500 attendees, attendance optional
• ●Seminar — small groups, discussions, presentations
• ●Übung — problem sets for lectures (often mandatory in tech)
• ●Two fails allowed — the third attempt is the last