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课程 4 · 年级 12+
Car electrics: battery, alternator, fuses
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The vehicle network is 12 V with three heroes: BATTERY (starts, 60–80 Ah), ALTERNATOR (powers everything running, charges, 90–180 A), FUSES (sacrifice themselves on shorts — color = amps). Batteries die in winter: cold cuts a third of capacity. Signs: lazy starter, flickering lights. Multimeter check: 12.4–12.7 V off, 13.8–14.4 V idle — less means alternator or belt. Our /elektro/labor lab teaches the same laws: circuit, load, short.
- ●Jump-start: + to +, − to chassis ground (not terminal!), order saves ECUs
- ●Repeated blown fuse = never upsize — find the short
- ●Battery lasts 4–6 years: change BEFORE winter, not roadside
🔋 A modern car is a computer network on wheels: up to 100 ECUs on the CAN bus. Reversed jump leads today cost not a bulb but a control unit worth thousands.